Category: RTL-SDR

—–Hz: A New STD-C Inmarsat Decoder

UPDATE: Unfortunately we have been informed that the code base of this software was illegally decompiled and reused in an almost unchanged way from an already available closed source decoder. This means the program itself is illegal and totally unethical.

Please respect the original developers hard work and do not download this software.

A new STD-C Inmarsat decoder called —-Hz has recently been released. The decoder is Windows based and simply listens to the demodulated Inmarsat STD-C audio from a program such as SDR#. This means that it is compatible with the RTL-SDR, and any other SDR that can receive Inmarsat. 

We gave the software a brief test and it ran very well, and managed to decode several SafeteNET messages without issue, maintaining a good lock most of the time. The author writes that he plans to improve on the software in the future by creating a web service based version of the software.

Currently there are two other Inmarsat decoders available. One is called InmarsatDecoder and the other is the Tekmanoid decoder. The InmarsatDecoder is generally regarded as the best, but the Tekmanoid decoder was recently updated for improved performance. The new software appears to be about the same as the Tekmanoid decoder.

Inmarsat STD-C messages are broadcast from geostationary satellites in the L-band at around 1.5 Ghz. They send mostly marine based messages such as the following quoted from the ——Hz website:

  • Safety: high seas, tropical storm warnings, ice accretion…
  • Shipping activity: moving oil rigs, submarine cable deployment and repairs…
  • Distress reports: MOB, ships lost at sea, migrant ship reports…
  • Military exercises (firing practice, no fly zones…)
  • Pirate at sea reports…

If you are interested in learning how to decode STD-C we also have a tutorial available here. 

The b4000Hz Inmarsat STD-C Decoder
The ——Hz Inmarsat STD-C Decoder

re-DECTed: An RTL-SDR DECT Decoder

Over on GitHub programmer ‘znuh’ has uploaded a new RTL-SDR compatible GNURadio based tool for DECT decoding. DECT is an acronym for ‘Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications’, and is the wireless standard used by modern digital cordless phones. In most countries DECT communications take place at 1880 – 1900 MHz, and in the USA at 1920 – 1930 MHz. So in order to receive these frequencies you’ll need an RTL-SDR with an E4000 chip, or some other compatible SDR that can tune this high.

It appears that the decoder is not actually able to decode audio (at least not yet or without extra work perhaps), but it can at least output the DECT packets to Wireshark for analysis. This may be of interest to those wanting to learn more about the DECT protocol.

Update: Over on the Reddit thread for this software the original poster ‘sanjuro’ has given a hint on how to (in theory) decode the audio, he writes:

In theory you only need to dump B-field data into a file and then play with g726 codec. See documentation from previous de-DECTed project http://wiki.securityweekly.com/wiki/index.php/Episode158

The re-DECTed decoder outputting packets to Wireshark.
The re-DECTed decoder outputting packets to Wireshark.

Radio For Everyone: Testing Several ADS-B Antennas Under $50

Over on his blog ‘Radio for Everyone’ Akos has shared results submitted to him by FlightAware forum user ‘Nitr0’ which compares several ADS-B antennas that cost under $50 USD. The antenna that we most recommend for ADS-B is the FlightAware antenna, but for European buyers there are also many lower cost alternatives available on eBay, most of which are made by fellow radio hobbyists or hams. The tests use the six antennas listed below, comparing each one against the ‘reference’ FlightAware antenna.

  1. The FlightAware Antenna – $45 USD
  2. A Bulgarian made antenna by LZ3RR – $31 USD + shipping
  3. A Slovakian made collinear antenna by stanislavpalo130 – $25 USD + shipping
  4. A Slovakian made 5/8 antenna by stanislavpalo130 – $24 USD
  5. RTL-SDR stock antenna – Included with generic RTL-SDRs
  6. A 3.5 dBi loaded whip – $3 to $15 USD

In summary the tests seem to show that nothing beats the FlightAware antenna, with the closest in performance being the Bulgarian made antenna. We should mention however, without knowing the real radiation patterns, SWR and various other factors it is hard to say which one will work best for everyone. Different locations/obstacles/mountings could mean that antennas with different designs and therefore radiation patterns work better than others. But it seems that the FlightAware antenna is the top performer in the common scenario of being able to mount the antenna on a roof with a good view of the horizon.

Two ADS-B antennas being tested by Akos.
Two ADS-B antennas being tested by Nitr0.

Simple NOAA/Meteor Weather Satellite Antenna: A 137 MHz V-Dipole

Over on his blog Adam 9A4QV (seller of various RTL-SDR related goods including the LNA4ALL) has just made a post detailing a build of a high performance super simple NOAA/Meteor M2 weather satellite antenna. Most antenna designs for polar orbiting weather spacecraft are based on circularly polarized turnstile or QFH designs. However, Adams antenna is based on a very simple linearly polarized dipole, which makes construction almost trivial.

The idea is that by arranging a dipole into a horizontal ‘V’ shape, the radiation pattern will be directed skywards in a figure 0 (zero) pattern. This will be optimal for satellites travelling in front, above and behind the antenna. Since polar orbiting satellites always travel North to South or vice versa, we can take advantage of this fact simply by orienting the antenna North/South. 

There is also another advantage to Adams design. Since the antenna is horizontally polarized, all vertically polarized terrestrial signals will be reduced by 20 dB. Most terrestrial signals are broadcast in vertical polarization, so this can help significantly reduce interference and overloading on your RTL-SDR. Overloading is a big problem for many trying to receive weather satellites as they transmit at 137 MHz, which is close to the very powerful FM broadcast band, air band, pagers and business radio. In contrast a circularly polarized antenna like a QFH or turnstile only reduces vertically polarized terrestrial signals by 3 dB.

As the satellites broadcast in circular polarization there will be a 3 dB loss in Adams design from using a linear polarized antenna. But this can be considered as almost negligible. Adam also argues that the home construction of a QFH can never be perfect, so there will always be at least a ~1dB loss from inaccurate construction of these antennas anyway.

The final advantage to Adams design is that construction is extremely simple. Just connect one element to the center coax conductor, and the other to the shield, and spread apart by 120 degrees.

Adam 9A4QV's V-Dipole for 137 MHz Weather Satellites.
Adam 9A4QV’s V-Dipole for 137 MHz Weather Satellites.

Adam has tested the antenna and has gotten excellent results. If you want more information about the antenna design, Adam has also uploaded a pdf with a more indepth description of the design and his thoughts.

DIY 137 MHz WX sat V-dipole antenna

137 MHz NOAA WX sat reception using V-dipole antenna

RTL-SDR Tutorial: GPS Decoding and Plotting

The RTL-SDR can be used to receive, decode and plot Global Positioning System (GPS) data in real time. To do this the RTL-SDR must be connected to a GPS antenna.

Extremely cheap $5 or less active GPS antennas with SMA connectors can be found on eBay, Amazon or Aliexpress. These GPS antennas contain a small ceramic patch antenna, a low noise amplifier and a GPS filter. In order to power the LNA in the antenna, you’ll need to have an RTL-SDR with bias tee. Our RTL-SDR.com V3 dongles have this feature built in, but if you don’t have a V3 you could also use a homebrew 5V external bias tee module or hack it into a standard RTL-SDR if you desired.

Also note that most standard R820T/2 RTL-SDRs fail to receive after a few minutes at frequencies above about 1.3 GHz due to heat issues. Our RTL-SDR.com V3 dongles don’t have this problem in most climates thanks to the metal case cooling and improved thermal design on the PCB. If you experience this problem it can also be alleviated by using the special L-Band RTL-SDR drivers.

A typical $3 GPS antenna
A typical $3 GPS antenna

The main GPS frequency is 1.575420 GHz, but most of this signal is very weak and below the noise floor. If you were try to view the spectrum of GPS in SDR# you will find that you won’t see much other than perhaps a very weak hump. Only through clever signal processing is such a weak signal actually recovered. Below we show screenshots of the GPS spectrum as seen by an RTL-SDR and more wideband Airspy R2 SDR.

GPS RTL-SDR
GPS Airspy
GPS RTL-SDR GPS Airspy

The following tutorial shows how to receive and decode GPS signals and get a coordinate on a map of your location, using only an RTL-SDR dongle (with bias tee) and GPS antenna. This tutorial is based heavily on Philip Hahn’s blog post at sdrgps.blogspot.com/2015/12/first-proof-of-concept-gps-fix-in.html.

  1. Download GNSS-SDRLIB from github.com/taroz/GNSS-SDRLIB. On GitHub click on the green “Clone or download” button on the right and then click “Download ZIP”. Extract the zip file into a convenient folder on your PC. If you want to use the modified L-band drivers, copy the modified rtlsdr.dll into the the bin folder.
     
  2. Download the latest version of RTK-NAVI from rtklib.com. If you like, you can also try their beta version at github.com/tomojitakasu/RTKLIB_bin/tree/rtklib_2.4.3. Extract the zip into a convenient folder on your PC.
     
  3. Make sure your RTL-SDR is plugged in, and that the bias tee has been activated (V3 software for activating the bias tee, see feature 2).
     
  4. In the GNSS-SDRLIB folder, open gnss-sdrgui.exe. This will be stored in the bin subfolder.
     
  5. Now set the following parameters:
    1. Change the Input Type to RTL-SDR
    2. Place a check next to RTCM MSM , and set the Port to 9999.
    3. Ensure that “Output Interval” is set to 10Hz.
    4. Ensure that “Plot Acquisition” and “Plot Tracking” are both checked.
    5. Under “MISC” optionally enter your approximate latitude and longitude to help with getting an initial lock..
    6. Under the GPS, GLONASS and Galileo headings ensure that the “ALL”
Apply appropriate settings in GNSS-SDRLIB GUI
Apply appropriate settings in GNSS-SDRLIB GUI
  1. Press Start. A bunch of command windows will begin opening and closing for a few seconds. After that, a bunch of gnuplot graph windows will open up. These can be ignored.
     
  2. Next go to the extracted RTK-NAVI folder, and enter the bin directory. Open the rtlnavi.exe file.
     
  3. Click on the “I” button in the upper right region.
     
  4. Place a check mark next to (1) Rover, and change the “Type” to TCP Client, and the “Format” to RTCM3. Click on the button with three dots under the leftmost “Opt” and set the “TCP Server Address” to localhost, and the “Port” to 9999. Press the OK button to exit the two windows.
Set the input stream
Set the input stream
  1. Now press Start in RTK-NAVI.
     
  2. You should now see several bars in the top graph. These bars show GPS signal strengths for satellites. After a short time you should see a solution in the left panel which will be your current coordinates. If no solution ever comes, try respositioning your GPS antenna for a better view of the sky, and double checking that the bias tee is activated. Sometimes simply restarting GNSS-SDRLIB can fix no solution being found.
Check reception and wait for GPS lock solution.
Check reception and wait for GPS lock solution.
  1. In RTK-NAVI click on the “Plot” button. This will open a positional plot of the recorded coordinates. To view your position on a Google map, click View → Google Map View. If everything is working correctly you should now be seeing an accurate marker of your current location.
View your GPS position on a map.
View your GPS position on a map.
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—–Hz: A New STD-C Inmarsat Decoder

UPDATE: Unfortunately we have been informed that the code base of this software was illegally decompiled and reused in an almost unchanged way from an already available closed source decoder. This means the program itself is illegal and totally unethical.

Please respect the original developers hard work and do not download this software.

A new STD-C Inmarsat decoder called —-Hz has recently been released. The decoder is Windows based and simply listens to the demodulated Inmarsat STD-C audio from a program such as SDR#. This means that it is compatible with the RTL-SDR, and any other SDR that can receive Inmarsat. 

We gave the software a brief test and it ran very well, and managed to decode several SafeteNET messages without issue, maintaining a good lock most of the time. The author writes that he plans to improve on the software in the future by creating a web service based version of the software.

Currently there are two other Inmarsat decoders available. One is called InmarsatDecoder and the other is the Tekmanoid decoder. The InmarsatDecoder is generally regarded as the best, but the Tekmanoid decoder was recently updated for improved performance. The new software appears to be about the same as the Tekmanoid decoder.

Inmarsat STD-C messages are broadcast from geostationary satellites in the L-band at around 1.5 Ghz. They send mostly marine based messages such as the following quoted from the ——Hz website:

  • Safety: high seas, tropical storm warnings, ice accretion…
  • Shipping activity: moving oil rigs, submarine cable deployment and repairs…
  • Distress reports: MOB, ships lost at sea, migrant ship reports…
  • Military exercises (firing practice, no fly zones…)
  • Pirate at sea reports…

If you are interested in learning how to decode STD-C we also have a tutorial available here. 

The b4000Hz Inmarsat STD-C Decoder
The ——Hz Inmarsat STD-C Decoder
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re-DECTed: An RTL-SDR DECT Decoder

Over on GitHub programmer ‘znuh’ has uploaded a new RTL-SDR compatible GNURadio based tool for DECT decoding. DECT is an acronym for ‘Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications’, and is the wireless standard used by modern digital cordless phones. In most countries DECT communications take place at 1880 – 1900 MHz, and in the USA at 1920 – 1930 MHz. So in order to receive these frequencies you’ll need an RTL-SDR with an E4000 chip, or some other compatible SDR that can tune this high.

It appears that the decoder is not actually able to decode audio (at least not yet or without extra work perhaps), but it can at least output the DECT packets to Wireshark for analysis. This may be of interest to those wanting to learn more about the DECT protocol.

Update: Over on the Reddit thread for this software the original poster ‘sanjuro’ has given a hint on how to (in theory) decode the audio, he writes:

In theory you only need to dump B-field data into a file and then play with g726 codec. See documentation from previous de-DECTed project http://wiki.securityweekly.com/wiki/index.php/Episode158

The re-DECTed decoder outputting packets to Wireshark.
The re-DECTed decoder outputting packets to Wireshark.
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Radio For Everyone: Testing Several ADS-B Antennas Under $50

Over on his blog ‘Radio for Everyone’ Akos has shared results submitted to him by FlightAware forum user ‘Nitr0’ which compares several ADS-B antennas that cost under $50 USD. The antenna that we most recommend for ADS-B is the FlightAware antenna, but for European buyers there are also many lower cost alternatives available on eBay, most of which are made by fellow radio hobbyists or hams. The tests use the six antennas listed below, comparing each one against the ‘reference’ FlightAware antenna.

  1. The FlightAware Antenna – $45 USD
  2. A Bulgarian made antenna by LZ3RR – $31 USD + shipping
  3. A Slovakian made collinear antenna by stanislavpalo130 – $25 USD + shipping
  4. A Slovakian made 5/8 antenna by stanislavpalo130 – $24 USD
  5. RTL-SDR stock antenna – Included with generic RTL-SDRs
  6. A 3.5 dBi loaded whip – $3 to $15 USD

In summary the tests seem to show that nothing beats the FlightAware antenna, with the closest in performance being the Bulgarian made antenna. We should mention however, without knowing the real radiation patterns, SWR and various other factors it is hard to say which one will work best for everyone. Different locations/obstacles/mountings could mean that antennas with different designs and therefore radiation patterns work better than others. But it seems that the FlightAware antenna is the top performer in the common scenario of being able to mount the antenna on a roof with a good view of the horizon.

Two ADS-B antennas being tested by Akos.
Two ADS-B antennas being tested by Nitr0.
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Simple NOAA/Meteor Weather Satellite Antenna: A 137 MHz V-Dipole

Over on his blog Adam 9A4QV (seller of various RTL-SDR related goods including the LNA4ALL) has just made a post detailing a build of a high performance super simple NOAA/Meteor M2 weather satellite antenna. Most antenna designs for polar orbiting weather spacecraft are based on circularly polarized turnstile or QFH designs. However, Adams antenna is based on a very simple linearly polarized dipole, which makes construction almost trivial.

The idea is that by arranging a dipole into a horizontal ‘V’ shape, the radiation pattern will be directed skywards in a figure 0 (zero) pattern. This will be optimal for satellites travelling in front, above and behind the antenna. Since polar orbiting satellites always travel North to South or vice versa, we can take advantage of this fact simply by orienting the antenna North/South. 

There is also another advantage to Adams design. Since the antenna is horizontally polarized, all vertically polarized terrestrial signals will be reduced by 20 dB. Most terrestrial signals are broadcast in vertical polarization, so this can help significantly reduce interference and overloading on your RTL-SDR. Overloading is a big problem for many trying to receive weather satellites as they transmit at 137 MHz, which is close to the very powerful FM broadcast band, air band, pagers and business radio. In contrast a circularly polarized antenna like a QFH or turnstile only reduces vertically polarized terrestrial signals by 3 dB.

As the satellites broadcast in circular polarization there will be a 3 dB loss in Adams design from using a linear polarized antenna. But this can be considered as almost negligible. Adam also argues that the home construction of a QFH can never be perfect, so there will always be at least a ~1dB loss from inaccurate construction of these antennas anyway.

The final advantage to Adams design is that construction is extremely simple. Just connect one element to the center coax conductor, and the other to the shield, and spread apart by 120 degrees.

Adam 9A4QV's V-Dipole for 137 MHz Weather Satellites.
Adam 9A4QV’s V-Dipole for 137 MHz Weather Satellites.

Adam has tested the antenna and has gotten excellent results. If you want more information about the antenna design, Adam has also uploaded a pdf with a more indepth description of the design and his thoughts.

DIY 137 MHz WX sat V-dipole antenna

137 MHz NOAA WX sat reception using V-dipole antenna

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RTL-SDR Tutorial: GPS Decoding and Plotting

The RTL-SDR can be used to receive, decode and plot Global Positioning System (GPS) data in real time. To do this the RTL-SDR must be connected to a GPS antenna.

Extremely cheap $5 or less active GPS antennas with SMA connectors can be found on eBay, Amazon or Aliexpress. These GPS antennas contain a small ceramic patch antenna, a low noise amplifier and a GPS filter. In order to power the LNA in the antenna, you’ll need to have an RTL-SDR with bias tee. Our RTL-SDR.com V3 dongles have this feature built in, but if you don’t have a V3 you could also use a homebrew 5V external bias tee module or hack it into a standard RTL-SDR if you desired.

Also note that most standard R820T/2 RTL-SDRs fail to receive after a few minutes at frequencies above about 1.3 GHz due to heat issues. Our RTL-SDR.com V3 dongles don’t have this problem in most climates thanks to the metal case cooling and improved thermal design on the PCB. If you experience this problem it can also be alleviated by using the special L-Band RTL-SDR drivers.

A typical $3 GPS antenna
A typical $3 GPS antenna

The main GPS frequency is 1.575420 GHz, but most of this signal is very weak and below the noise floor. If you were try to view the spectrum of GPS in SDR# you will find that you won’t see much other than perhaps a very weak hump. Only through clever signal processing is such a weak signal actually recovered. Below we show screenshots of the GPS spectrum as seen by an RTL-SDR and more wideband Airspy R2 SDR.

GPS RTL-SDR
GPS Airspy
GPS RTL-SDR GPS Airspy

The following tutorial shows how to receive and decode GPS signals and get a coordinate on a map of your location, using only an RTL-SDR dongle (with bias tee) and GPS antenna. This tutorial is based heavily on Philip Hahn’s blog post at sdrgps.blogspot.com/2015/12/first-proof-of-concept-gps-fix-in.html.

  1. Download GNSS-SDRLIB from github.com/taroz/GNSS-SDRLIB. On GitHub click on the green “Clone or download” button on the right and then click “Download ZIP”. Extract the zip file into a convenient folder on your PC. If you want to use the modified L-band drivers, copy the modified rtlsdr.dll into the the bin folder.
     
  2. Download the latest version of RTK-NAVI from rtklib.com. If you like, you can also try their beta version at github.com/tomojitakasu/RTKLIB_bin/tree/rtklib_2.4.3. Extract the zip into a convenient folder on your PC.
     
  3. Make sure your RTL-SDR is plugged in, and that the bias tee has been activated (V3 software for activating the bias tee, see feature 2).
     
  4. In the GNSS-SDRLIB folder, open gnss-sdrgui.exe. This will be stored in the bin subfolder.
     
  5. Now set the following parameters:
    1. Change the Input Type to RTL-SDR
    2. Place a check next to RTCM MSM , and set the Port to 9999.
    3. Ensure that “Output Interval” is set to 10Hz.
    4. Ensure that “Plot Acquisition” and “Plot Tracking” are both checked.
    5. Under “MISC” optionally enter your approximate latitude and longitude to help with getting an initial lock..
    6. Under the GPS, GLONASS and Galileo headings ensure that the “ALL”
Apply appropriate settings in GNSS-SDRLIB GUI
Apply appropriate settings in GNSS-SDRLIB GUI
  1. Press Start. A bunch of command windows will begin opening and closing for a few seconds. After that, a bunch of gnuplot graph windows will open up. These can be ignored.
     
  2. Next go to the extracted RTK-NAVI folder, and enter the bin directory. Open the rtlnavi.exe file.
     
  3. Click on the “I” button in the upper right region.
     
  4. Place a check mark next to (1) Rover, and change the “Type” to TCP Client, and the “Format” to RTCM3. Click on the button with three dots under the leftmost “Opt” and set the “TCP Server Address” to localhost, and the “Port” to 9999. Press the OK button to exit the two windows.
Set the input stream
Set the input stream
  1. Now press Start in RTK-NAVI.
     
  2. You should now see several bars in the top graph. These bars show GPS signal strengths for satellites. After a short time you should see a solution in the left panel which will be your current coordinates. If no solution ever comes, try respositioning your GPS antenna for a better view of the sky, and double checking that the bias tee is activated. Sometimes simply restarting GNSS-SDRLIB can fix no solution being found.
Check reception and wait for GPS lock solution.
Check reception and wait for GPS lock solution.
  1. In RTK-NAVI click on the “Plot” button. This will open a positional plot of the recorded coordinates. To view your position on a Google map, click View → Google Map View. If everything is working correctly you should now be seeing an accurate marker of your current location.
View your GPS position on a map.
View your GPS position on a map.
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dumpvdl2: A Lightweight VDL2 Decoder

The VHF Data Link mode 2 (VDL2) is a relatively new wireless transmission mode used on aircraft for sending short messages, position data (similar to ADS-B) and also for allowing traffic controllers to communicate to pilots via text and data. VDL2 is an evolution of ACARS and is eventually supposed to replace it entirely. The advantage over ACARS is that VDL2 can transmit data 10 times faster, and supports a much wider range of services. The main default channel is at 136.975 MHz, but channels could exist on other air band frequencies too.

Over on GitHub Tomasz Lemiech (szpajder – also the author of RTL-Airband) has uploaded a new VDL2 decoder called dumpvdl2. This is a lightweight command line Linux based VDL2 decoder and protocol analyzer. The features include:

  • Runs under Linux (tested on: x86, x86-64, Raspberry Pi)
  • Supports following SDR hardware:
    • RTLSDR (via rtl-sdr library)
    • Mirics SDR (via libmirisdr-4)
    • reads prerecorded IQ data from file
  • Decodes up to 8 VDL2 channels simultaneously
  • Outputs messages to standard output or to a file (with optional daily or hourly file rotation)
  • Outputs ACARS messages to PlanePlotter over UDP/IP socket
  • Supports message filtering by type or direction (uplink, downlink)
  • Outputs decoding statistics using Etsy StatsD protocol

In a previous post we showed how VDL2 could be decoded with MultiPSK on Windows. But the advantage of dumpvdl2 is that it allows you to set up a lightweight monitoring station on something like a Raspberry Pi. dumpvdl2 can also be interfaced with PlanePlotter, and statistics can be graphed with another program such as Grafana.

dumpvdl2 running.
dumpvdl2 running.
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Building an RTL-SDR “Moto Mod”

One nice feature of modern Motorola smartphones is that some models can accept ‘mods’, which are essentially phone cases that snap onto the back of the phone and interface via some exposed data pins. Some examples include a snap on speaker, projector, battery pack and zoom lens. Currently Moto Mods and Indiegogo are running a promotional campaign that gives developers a chance to pitch new Moto Mod ideas to Motorola, and if successful be partnered with Motorola and receive funding to complete and sell the hardware.

Vaclav Bouse is one developer who has been working on an RTL-SDR based Moto Mod. The idea is to integrate RTL-SDR hardware into the Moto Mod phone case form factor and possibly even add transceiver capabilities via an AX5043 transceiver chip. The hardware is still in the very early concept and design phases, and Vaclav is seeking donations on Indiegogo to help fund the development of a prototype (note that donating will not get you the final product). As it will be an RTL-SDR, it should be compatible with all Android RTL-SDR software, such as SDR Touch.

The hardware is also related to his other Moto Mod campaign idea which is a universal remote control.

The Moto Mod RTL-SDR Concept
The Moto Mod RTL-SDR Concept
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An RTL-SDR Based Wireless Backscatter Soil Moisture Sensor Network

Recently researcher Spyros Daskalakis wrote in to us and wanted to share his Masters thesis research which is titled ‘Environmental Scatter Radio Sensors with RF Energy Harvesting‘. The research involved creating a low cost, low power (200 microwatt) and yet long range (up to 250m) sensor network for monitoring soil moisture on farms. An RTL-SDR dongle is utilized to receive data from the sensors and MATLAB is used to decode the data.

One interesting innovation is that the sensors transmit data via a backscatter technique which is similar to how RFID tags are read. A carrier emitter is placed in the center of a cluster of sensors and the sensors receive RF bursts from it. The sensor antenna acts as a carrier reflector, and information is modulated onto the reflected signal by changing the antenna-load reflection coefficients according to the sensor reading. This method allows the sensors to only require extremely small amounts of power from a button battery or solar panel in order to transmit at distances of up to 250m. Spyros also proposes using wireless RF energy harvesting techniques which could harvest the electricity needed to power the circuit directly from the carrier emitters or powerful local FM stations.

Spyros’ thesis is available here, and a research paper here.

Backscatter Sensors and RTL-SDR. Received backscatter spectrum.
Backscatter Sensors and RTL-SDR (left). Received backscatter spectrum (right).

Technical University of Crete - Backscatter Radio Sensor Network Demo

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